Play 14, The Nativity

The Tille Thekers
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150	JOSEPH All weldand God in Trinité, I praye thee, Lord, for thy grete myght, Unto thy symple servand see, Here in this place wher we are pight, Oureself allone; Lord, graunte us gode herberow this nyght Within this wone. For we have sought bothe uppe and doune Thurgh diverse stretis in this cité; So mekill pepull is comen to towne That we can nowhare herbered be, There is slike prees. Forsuthe I can no socoure see But belde us with there bestes. And yf we here all nyght abide We schall be stormed in this steede; The walles are doune on ilke a side, The ruffe is rayved aboven oure hede, Als have I roo. Say, Marie, doughtir, what is thy rede? How sall we doo? For in grete nede nowe are we stedde, As thou thyselffe the soth may see, For here is nowthir cloth ne bedde, And we are weyke and all werie And fayne wolde rest. Now, gracious God, for thy mercie, Wisse us the best. MARIA God will us wisse, full wele witt ye; Therfore, Joseph, be of gud chere, For in this place borne will he be That sall us save fro sorowes sere, Bothe even and morne. Sir, witte ye wele the tyme is nere, He will be borne. JOSEPH Than behoves us bide here stille, Here in this same place all this nyght. MARIA Ya, sir, forsuth it is Goddis will. JOSEPH Than wolde I fayne we had sum light, What so befall. It waxis right myrke unto my sight And colde withall. I will go gete us light forthy, And fewell fande with me to bryng. MARIA All weldand God, yow governe and gy, As he is sufferayne of all thyng, For his grete myght; And lende me grace to his lovyng That I me dight. Nowe in my sawle grete joie have I: I am all cladde in comforte clere. Now will be borne of my body Both God and man togedir in feere. Blist mott he be. Jesu, my Sone that is so dere, Nowe borne is he. Hayle, my Lord God, hayle prince of pees, Hayle my Fadir, and hayle my Sone, Hayle sovereyne sege all synnes to sesse, Hayle God and man in erth to wonne! Hayle, thurgh whos myht All this worlde was first begonne, Merknes and light. Sone, as I am sympill sugett of thyne, Vowchesaffe, swete Sone I praye thee, That I myght thee take in the armys of myne, And in this poure wede to arraie thee. Graunte me thi bliss As I am thy modir chosen to be In sothfastnesse. JOSEPH A, Lorde God, what the wedir is colde, The fellest freese that evere I felyd; I pray God helpe tham that is alde And namely tham that is unwelde, So may I saie. Now, gud God thou be my bilde, As thou best may. A, Lord God, what light is this That comes shynyng thus sodenly? I cannot saie, als have I blisse, When I come home unto Marie Than sall I spirre. A, here be God, for nowe come I. MARIA Ye ar welcum, sirre. JOSEPH Say, Marie doghtir, what chere with thee? MARIA Right goode, Joseph, as has been ay. JOSEPH O, Marie, what swete thyng is that on thy kne? MARIA It is my Sone, the soth to saye, That is so gud. JOSEPH Wele is me I bade this day To se this foode. Me merveles mekill of this light That thusgates shynes in this place, Forsuth it is a selcouth sight. MARIA This hase he ordand of his grace, My Sone so ying, A starne to be shynyng a space At his bering. For Balam tolde ful longe beforne How that a sterne shulde rise full hye, And of a maiden shulde be borne A Sonne that sall oure saffyng be Fro caris kene. Forsuth it is my Sone so free, Be whame Balam gon meene. JOSEPH Nowe, welcome, floure fairest of hewe, I shall thee menske with mayne and myght. Hayle, my maker, hayle Crist Jesu, Hayle, riall kyng, roote of all right; Hayle, Saveour, Hayle, my Lorde, lemer of light, Hayle, blessid floure. MARIA Nowe Lord that all this worlde schall wynne, To thee my Sone is that I saye, Here is no bedde to laye thee inne; Therfore my dere Sone, I thee praye, Sen it is soo, Here in this cribbe I myght thee lay Betwene ther bestis two. And I sall happe thee, myn owne dere childe, With such clothes as we have here. JOSEPH O Marie, beholde thes beestis mylde, They make lovyng in ther manere As thei wer men. Forsothe it semes wele be ther chere Thare Lorde thei ken. MARIA Ther Lorde thai kenne, that wate I wele, They worshippe hym with myght and mayne. The wedir is colde, as ye may feele, To halde hym warme thei are full fayne With thare warme breth, And oondis on hym, is noght to layne, To warm hym with. O, nowe slepis my Sone, blist mot he be, And lyes full warme ther bestis bytwene. JOSEPH O nowe is fulfillid, forsuth I see, That Abacuc in mynde gon mene And prechid by prophicie. He saide oure Savyoure shall be sene Betwene bestis lye, And now I see the same in sight. MARIA Ya, sir, forsuth the same is he. JOSEPH Honnoure and worshippe both day and nyght Aylastand Lorde, be done to thee Allway as is worthy, And Lord, to thy service I oblissh me With all myn herte holy. MARIA Thou mercyfull maker, most myghty, My God, my Lorde, my Sone so free, Thy handemayden forsoth am I, And to thi service I oblissh me With all myn herte entere. Thy blissing, beseke I thee, Thou graunte us all in feere.	powerful; (see note); (t-note) take notice placed shelter place streets many accommodated such a press [of people] for us to stay; animals exposed to the weather; place roof is open; head hope to have peace advice situated bedclothes weary Guide guide; know many near abide be glad [if]; some; (see note) dark fuel find guide sovereign (t-note) praise soul; (see note) Blessed peace man; cease live might Darkness humble subject garment to dress mother truth weather; (t-note) worst freeze; felt old weak (t-note) support (see note) ask truth good (healthy) Happy am I infant; (see note) marvel greatly in this manner wondrous young star; (see note) birth Balaam salvation From cares (suffering) sharp Of whom; meant flower; hue; (see note) worship (see note) royal source of radiance gain animals wrap (see note) praise were by their know know I well keep; determined their breathe; hide Habakkuk; had meant lying offered oblige heart wholly (see note) entirely beseech together; (t-note)

Play 14, THE NATIVITY: EXPLANATORY NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS: AV: Authorized (“King James”) Version; Meditations: Meditations on the Life of Christ, trans. Ragusa and Green; MED: Middle English Dictionary; OED: Oxford English Dictionary; RB: Richard Beadle, ed., York Plays; REED: Records of Early English Drama; YA: Davidson and O’Connor, York Art; York Breviary: Breviarium ad usum insignis ecclesie Eboracensis; York Missal: Missale ad usum insignis ecclesiae Eboracensis.

References to the Ordo paginarum are to REED: York, 1:16–27.

The earlier history of this pageant, dramatizing the third Joy of Mary, is problematic in part on account of erasures in the Ordo paginarum, which in its present form also suggests a direct connection with the next pageant of the Offering of the Shepherds.1 Were these two plays presented as a single drama in tandem, as appears to have been the case with the Masons’ and Goldsmiths’ Herod and Magi pageants? There is also reference in the Ordo paginarum to a midwife, following the Protevangelium a common character in earlier narratives of the Nativity but missing in the extant text. Further, the Nativity is based in part on the iconography introduced by the Revelations of St. Birgitta (Bridget) of Sweden that was prevalent only after c. 1420, as, for example, in an illustration in the Speculum humanae salvationis.2 Its biblical source is mainly Luke 2:6–7.3 That the play as it stands still was not a final version is suggested by the entry in the civic records in 1567 which specifies that John Clerke is to enter into the Register plays not previously included along with “of the Tylars the lattr part of their pageant.”4 The verse form is a seven-line stanza. The Tile Thatchers who produced the play were craftsmen involved in the building trades, specializing mainly in the tile roofs that were the norm in late medieval York.

1–28 Seeking such a desolate location for the night’s lodging was necessary on account of overcrowding in the city of Bethlehem, though the biblical explanation for the lack of space in any of the inns — that is, the census allegedly ordered by the emperor — is not cited. The stable is primitive, with a broken roof, which would have appealed to the sponsoring guild, and walls that have fallen down. The scene seems very much like a Flemish painting such as the Dijon Nativity by the Master of Flemalle to which Robinson has called attention (Studies in Fifteenth-Century Stagecraft, p. 124 and fig. 1).

39–44 wolde I fayne we had sum light . . . bryng. It is “right myrke” (the traditional time is midnight), and Joseph will go for a light and will also look for a source of “fewell,” presumably wood for a fire to heat the cold stable, but not to enlist the help of midwives as in earlier versions of the story. Joseph, having returned, holds a candle in the Dijon Nativity and in some other representations of the birth of Jesus such as a stained glass panel, possibly by a York glass painter, at Great Malvern (Rushforth, Medieval Christian Imagery, p. 278, fig. 136).

50–56 The birth of Jesus, as described by St. Birgitta (Life and Selected Revelations, p. 203; Cornell, Iconography of the Nativity, pp. 1–15). Mary would have been kneeling here with her hands held in a gesture of prayer, as suggested by St. Birgitta. She presumably remained in this posture through the recitation of the Hail lyrics that follow. The birth has been painless, for Jesus has been conceived without sin, and the Child appears as if miraculously on the ground before her. She only picks up the Child at lines 64–66, and wraps him in a “poure wede.”

78 what light is this. Joseph’s amazement at the radiance from the Child which overwhelms the light of the candle he is carrying. The source of the light is the aureole surrounding the infant, who will be the light of the world; see Birgitta, Life and Selected Revelations, p. 203. At Barcelona in 1453, a tableau vivant of the Nativity presented Jesus as an infant, nude and “glowing with light” (Meredith and Tailby, Staging, p. 72). Special lighting effects are surveyed by Butterworth, Theatre of Fire, pp. 55–78.

91 this foode. In addition to the literal meaning (i.e., the actual Child) here, King supports a “sacramental reading” that links the Child with the food of the Eucharist, particularly appropriate for a pageant presented on Corpus Christi (York Mystery Cycle, p. 103). A Eucharistic reading was previously suggested by Robinson, who cites the carol “Wylyam northe of York” that identified the Child as “blyesful fowde” (Studies in Fifteenth-Century Stagecraft, p. 77; Greene, ed., Early English Carols, no. 36). This would have been particularly appropriate in the play if, as King suggests, the newborn was taken up from the ground in a gesture reminiscent of the Eucharistic liturgy.

97 a starne to be shynyng. Conventional imagery and, as noted, consistent with prophecy (Numbers 24:17), but certainly part of the stage set.

106 floure fairest of hewe. Compare Isaias 11:1.

108–12 Hayle . . . floure. Hail lyrics, as in the Magi and Purification plays. The lines express reverence for Jesus as Creator, King, and Savior. He is the one, the Mirour of Mans Salvacioune explains, who at his birth was given to the world as “a soverein preste” whose flesh was like a “shelle” in which “was hidde his deitee” (lines 1078–80). Joseph’s lines echo the idea, implicit in the Christmas Vigil liturgy, of the coming into time of the Redeemer who will judge the world, as King points out (York Mystery Cycle, p. 98), but these lyrics also are reminiscent of the texts of prayers designed to be spoken at the time of the elevation at Mass as an affirmation of God’s presence (see Robbins, “Levation Prayers,” and Rubin, Corpus Christi, pp. 155–63).

122–33 beholde thes beestis mylde . . . warm hym with. In Love’s Mirror, the ox and the ass in the stable kneel down and place their mouths on the manger so as to warm the Child since they understood that on account of the cold he “hade nede to be hatte in that manere” (p. 37). These two animals are conventional in iconography (see, for example, the Bolton Hours, fol. 36) and are derived from the Hebrew text and the Septuagint version of Habakkuk 3:2 (“in the midst of two beasts will thou be known”), Isaias 1:3 (“The ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master’s crib”), Pseudo-Matthew, and other sources (see Schiller, Iconography, 1:60–61).

149 My God, my Lorde, my Sone so free. Robinson (Studies in Fifteenth-Century Stagecraft, p. 74) notes that these words echo St. Birgitta’s Revelations: “Bene veneris deus meus, dominus meus et filius meus” (see Birgitta, Life and Selected Revelations, p. 203).

Play 14, THE NATIVITY: TEXTUAL NOTES

ABBREVIATIONS: Bevington: David Bevington, ed., Medieval Drama (1975); Köbling: E. Köbling, “Beiträge zur Erklärung und Textkritik der York Plays”; LTS: Lucy Toulmin Smith, ed., The York Plays (1885); RB: Richard Beadle, ed., The York Plays (1972) (incorporating numerous emendations from other sources); RB²: Richard Beadle, “Corrections to The York Plays,” in Gerald Byron Kinneavy, A Concordance to the York Plays (1986), pp. xxxi–xxxii; s.d.: stage direction; Sykes: A. C. Cawley, ed., “The Sykes MS of the York Scriveners’ Play”; Towneley: Martin Stevens and A. C. Cawley, eds., The Towneley Plays.

The base text for this edition is London, British Library, MS. Add. 35290, called the “Register” in the York civic records and here identified by the abbreviation Reg. Some variations in lineation from the manuscript are not noted here; see RB and Beadle and Meredith’s The York Play: A Facsimile. In most cases the line numbering in the present text is consistent with RB. Lineation of alliterative verse throughout is based on Reg, with line numbering adjusted accordingly to account for half lines. Scribes are identified as follows: Scribe A; Scribe B: main scribe; JC: John Clerke; LH: later scribal hand (unidentified).

1 All. Reg: large initial A, perhaps by LH.

47 For. So LTS, RB; Reg: Fo; Bevington: Of.

71 what. So LTS, RB; Reg: what what, with initial what canceled.

75–77 Reg: lines written at right; insertion by Scribe B.

154, s.d. Added by later hands in Reg: hic caret pastoribus and sequitur postea. Another addition, visible under ultraviolet light: . . . with haste.

Play 14, THE NATIVITY: EXPLANATORY NOTE FOOTNOTES

Footnote 1 See RB, pp. 426–27.

Footnote 2 Wilson and Wilson, Medieval Mirror, p. 156.

Footnote 3 See especially Robinson, Studies in Fifteenth-Century Stagecraft, pp. 60–80.

Footnote 4 REED: York, 1:351.